151 Most Important Legal Maxims And Legal Terminologies For Law Students, CLAT Aspirants And Advocates

A Legal Maxim is an established principle or proposition. Most of the Latin maxims developed in the Medieval era in European countries that used Latin as their language for law and courts.

Most lawyers love to throw around Latin phrases. The reason for this is that ancient Rome's legal system has had a strong influence on the legal systems of most western countries. After all, at one time, the Romans had conquered most of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. This is why lawyers today love those Latin phrases!

Again legal maxims and legal terminologies are abundantly asked in CLAT and LL.B entrance examination for almost all universities. 

Legal Aptitude section of the CLAT exam consists of questions from two segments. These are Legal Reasoning and Legal Knowledge. Legal Maxims are an integral part of the Legal Knowledge section and questions are abundantly asked from this topic in the CLAT exam. 

So, to help you all boost your exam preparation, and also to enrich your legal knowledge we are going to share some important Legal Maxims, legal terminologies and legal phrases. For your better understanding, we have also shared the meanings of these legal maxims, legal terminologies and legal phrases. Hope it will help law students, CLAT aspirants as well as advocates. 

1. Ab initio - From the beginning.

2. Alibi - At another place, elsewhere

3. Actiones legis - Law suits.

4. Actori incumbit onus probandi - The burden of proof lies on the

plaintiff.

5. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea - The act does not make one guilty unless there be a criminal intent.

6. Actus reus - A guilty deed or act.

7. Audi alteram partem - No man shall be condemned unheard.

8. Ad hoc - For this purpose.

9. Ad valorem - according to value.

10. Animus possidendi - intention to possess.

11. Ante - before.

12. Annul - To cancel.

13. Assault - Striking another person.

14. Affray - Public fight which frightens other people.

15. Affidavit - He has sworn. (A written statement which is signed and sworn

before a solicitor or Notary public and which can then be used as evidence in court hearing.)

16. Adjournment sine die -  Adjournment without a day

17. Amicus curiae - A friend of the Court.

18. Arma in armatos sumere jura sinunt – The laws permit the taking up of arms against the armed.

19. Assentio mentium - The meeting of minds, i.e. mutual assent.

20. Bona fide - Sincere, in good faith.

21. Bye law -  Rules governing the internal running of a club/association.

22. Bona vacantia - Goods without an owner.

23. Cassetur billa (breve) - Let the writ be quashed.

24. Caveat emptor - Let the purchaser beware.

25. Caveat venditor - Let the seller beware.

26. Consensus ad idem - Agreement as to the same things in the same sense.

27. Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissima in lege - A contemporaneous exposition is best and most powerful in law.

28. Contra - To the contrary.

29. Citation - Quotation of decided cases in legal arguments.

30. Confiscate - To take away private property into the possession of the state.

31. Corroborate - To prove evidence which has already been given

32. Coercion - To force someone by pressure to do an act.

33. Condicio sine qua non - A condition without which it could not be

34. Corpus - Body.

35. Corpus delicti - The body, i.e. the gist of crime.

36. Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat - Crime vitiates everything, which springs from it.

37. Consensu - Unanimously or, by general

consent.

38. Damnum sine injuria - damage without legal injury.

29. De die in diem - From day to day.

30. De facto - In fact.

31. De futuro - In the future.

32. Detinue - Tort of wrongfully holding goods which belong to someone else.

33. Denatio mortis causa – Gift because of death. 

34. De integro - As regards the whole.

35. De jure - Rightful, by right.

36. De novo - Starting afresh.

37. Doli incapax - Incapable of crime.

38. Dictum - Statement of law made by judge in the course of the decision but not necessary to the decision itself.

39. Dominium - Ownership.

40. Delegatus non potest delegare - A delegated authority cannot be again delegated.

41. Debita sequuntur personam debitoria - Debts follow the person of the debtor.

42. Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat - The burden of the proof lies upon him who affirms, not he who denies.

43. Ex gratia - Out of kindness, voluntary.

44. Ejusdem generis- Of the same kind.

45. Ex parte - Proceeding brought by one person in the absence of another.

46. Estoppel - Prevented from denying.

47. Ex post facto - By reason of a subsequent act

48. Ex turpi causa non oritur actio - No action arises on an immoral contract.

49. Fraus est celare fraudem - It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.

50. Functus officio - No longer having power or jurisdiction. 

51. Generalia specialibus non derogant - Things general do not derogate from things special.

52. Habeas corpus - A writ to have the body of a person to be brought in before the judge.

53. Ignorantia facti excusat, ignorantia juris non excusat - Ignorance of fact excuses,ignorance of law does not excuse.

54. In limine - At the outset, on the threshold.

55. In promptu - In readiness.

56. In lieu of - Instead of.

57. In personam - A proceeding in which relief I sought against a specific person.

58. In pari materia - In the same matter.

59. In testamentis plenius testatoris intentionem scrutamur - In wills we seek diligently the intention of the testator.

60. Injuria non excusat injuriam - A wrong does not excuse a wrong.

61. Inter alia - Amongst other things.

62. Inter se - Amongst themselves.

63. Inter vivos - Between the living.

64. Injuria sine damno - Injury without damage.

65. Interest reipublicase ut sit finis litium - It is in the interest of the State that there be an end to litigation.

66. Interim - Temporary, in the meanwhile.

67. Ipso facto - By that very fact.

68. Innuendo - Spoken words which are defamatory because they have a double meaning

69. Judex non potest esse testis in propira causa - A judge cannot be witness in his own cause.

70. Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire - A judge cannon punish a wrong

done to himself.

71. Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens ipse requirit - A judge does not give more than the plaintiff himself demands.

72. Lex non oritur ex injuria - The law does not arise from a mere injury.

73. Lex loci - The law of the place.

74. Lis pendens - Suit pending.

75. Locus standi - Place of standing (The right of a party to appear and be heard before a court.

76. Mala fide - In bad faith.

77. Mens rea - Guilty state of mind.

78. Modus operandi - Manner of operation.

79. Mandamus - We command. A writ of command issued by a Higher Court to Government/Public Authority, to compel the performance of a public duty.

80. Melior testatoris in testamentis spectanda est - In wills the intention of a testator is to be regarded.

81. Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto - No one can be twice punished for the same offence.

82. Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus - No one can at the same time be a tenant and a landlord (of the same tenement).

83. Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa - No one can be judge in his own case.

84. Nexus - Connection

85. Nisi - Unless

86. Non compus mentis - Not of sound mind and understanding.

87. Non constat - It is not certain.

88. Non decipitur qui scit se decipi - He is not deceived who knows that he is deceived.

89. Onus probandi - Burden of proof. 

90. Obiter dicta - Things which are said in passing part of a judgement. 

91. Pari passu - On an equal footing.

92. Per curiam - In the opinion of the court.

93. Per minas - By means of menaces or threats.

94. Per quod - By reason of which.

95. Post mortem - After death.

96. Per se - By itself

97. Prima facie - On the face of it.

98. Prima impressionis - On first impression.

99. Pro hac vice - For this occasion.

100. Pro rata - In proportion.

101. Pro tanto - So far, to that extent.

102. Pro tempore - For the time being.

103. Quantum - How much, an amount.

104. Quantum meruit - As much as deserved.

105. Quasi - Like/Similar

106. Quo warranto - By what authority. A writ calling upon one to show under what authority he holds or claims a public office.

107. Qui facit per alium, facit per se - He who acts through another acts himself.

108. Qui in utero est, pro jam nato habetur, quoties de ejus commodo quaeritur - He who is in the womb is considered as already born as far as his benefit is considered.

109. Qui tacet consentire videtur - He who is silent appears to consent.

110. Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis non convalescit - What is not valid in the beginning does not become valid by time.

111. Quod necessitas cogit, defendit - What necessity forces it justifies.

112. Re - In the matter of.

113. Res - Matter, affair, thing, circumstance.

114. Res gestae - Things done.

115. Res judicata - A thing adjudged is accepted for the truth

116. Res integra - A matter untouched (by

decision).

117. Ratio decidendi - Principle or reason underlying a court judgement.

118. Res ipsa loquitor - The thing speaks for itself.

119. Remission - To reduce

120. Repudiate - To refuse to accept.

121. Repeal - Doing away with law so that it is no longer 

valid.

122. Revoke - To cancel/withdraw

123. Status quo - State of things as they are now.

124. Sine die - “with no day”(indefinitely)

125. Stare decisis - To stand by decisions (precedents).

126. Sub silentio - In silence.

127. Suo moto - On its own

128. Sub judice - Under judicial consideration.

129. Sine qua non - “Without which nothing”

130. Tacit - Agreed but not stated.

131. Testate - Dying after making a will.

132. Ubi jus ibi remedium est - Where there is a right there is a remedy.

133. Ultra vires - Outside the powers.

134. Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse accessorius - Where there is no principal, there can be no accessory.

135. Vice versa - The other way around.

136. Vis major - Act of God.

137. Volenti non fit injuria - Damage suffered by consent gives no cause of action.

138. Veto - Ban or order not to allow something to become law,even if it has been passed by a parliament.

139. Vice versa - Reverse position.

140. Vide - See.

141. Verbatim - Word by word, exactly.

142. Waiver - Voluntarily giving up or removing the conditions.

143. Jus naturale - Natural justice.

144. Justitia nemini neganda est - Justice is to be denied to nobody. 

145. Caveat -  A caution registered with the public court to indicate to the officials that they are not to act in the matter mentioned in the caveat without first giving notice to the caveator

146. Factum probans -  Relevant fact. 

147. Pacta sund servanada - Treaties are legally binding

148. Actio personalis moritur cum persona - A personal right of action dies with the person. 

149. Non- sequitur - An inconsistent statement.

150. Ubberime Fide - In utmost good faith.

151. Vox populip - Voice of the people.

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Various Stages Of Criminal Proceedings In India Under Criminal Procedure Code, 1973

Various stages of criminal Proceedings in India are :-

A. Pre-trial stage

B. Trial stage

C. Post-trial stage

Now, each stage requires some steps to be fulfilled they are :-

A. Pre-trial Stage

                                                

1. Commission of an offence (cognizable or non cognizable)

2.  A. Information to police.

     B. Complaint to magistrate.

A. Information to police :-

  a. Information of cognizable offence.

  b. Information of non cognizable offence.

a. Information of cognizable offence :-

Under Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a FIR or First Information Report is registered. FIR puts the case into motion. A First Information Report (F.I.R.) is the first information in point of time regarding the commission of a cognizable offence that is given to the police and is recorded in the manner provided under section 154 of the Cr.P.C.

An F.I.R. may also be registered under the order of a Magistrate. For example, Meena files a complaint before the Magistrate that her husband is harassing her for dowry. If the Magistrate forwards the complaint to the officer-in-charge of the concerned police station without taking cognizance, then the officer should register an F.I.R. and then investigate the case (Cr.P.C., Section 156 (3)

b. Information of non cognizable offence :-

In case of non cognizable offence N.C.R (non cognizable report) is registered by police under section 155 of Cr.P.C. but the police cannot start investigation or arrest the accused without the order of a Magistrate having power to try such case.

B. Complaint to magistrate - Section 2 (d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure defines the term ‘complaint’ as any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report.

On receipt of a complaint a Magistrate has several courses open to him.

He may take cognizance of the offence and proceed to record the statements of the complainant and the witnesses present under Section 200, Cr PC.

Thereafter if in his opinion there is no sufficient ground for proceeding he may dismiss the complaint under Section 203, Cr PC. If in his opinion there is sufficient ground for proceeding he may issue process under Section 204, Cr PC.

However, if he thinks fit, he may postpone the issue of process and either inquire into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or such other person as he thinks fit for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding (Section 202, Cr PC).

He may then issue process if in his opinion there is sufficient ground for proceeding or dismiss the complaint if there is no sufficient ground for proceeding.

3. Investigation by Police :- Police conduct investigation for

•       For collection of evidence;

•       Interrogation/ statement of accused;

•       Statement of witnesses;

•       Scientific analysis / opinion if required.

During this time, at any stage decided by investigating agency, accused persons can be arrested.

In case of cognizable offence police can start investigation after the registration of FIR, no prior approval of magistrate is necessary. But in case of non cognizable offence, prior approval of magistrate is necessary to start investigation.

4. Anticipatory Bail :- Upon registration of FIR for cognizable criminal offence the accused may make an application for anticipatory bail in session court or high court under section 438 of Cr.P.C. If anticipatory bail is granted then the accused cannot be arrested. If anticipatory bail is rejected then the accused can be arrested without warrant.

5. Arrest of the accused :- In case of cognizable offence police can arrest the accused without warrant. However in case of non cognizable offence police has no authority to arrest without warrant.

6. Production of accused to magistrate :- Within 24 hours of the arrest the accused shall be produced before a magistrate having jurisdiction to try such cases.

Section 57 of the Cr.P.C  provides that “ No police officer shall detain in custody a person arrested without warrant for a longer period than under all the circumstances of the case is reasonable, and such period shall not, in the absence of a special order of a Magistrate under section 167, exceed twenty- four hours exclusive of the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the Magistrate' s Court.”

7. Remand/Bail :- Whenever an accused is arrested for any offence and police cannot complete investigation within 24 hours then such person is produced before a magistrate for seeking extension of custody.

The magistrate considering the application can grant Police Custody to the accused which shall not be more than fifteen days in the whole.

However, If the magistrate does not deems it proper to grant police custody then the accused is taken in Magisterial Custody.

Proviso (a)  to sub-section (2) of section 167 provides that " The Magistrate may authorise the detention of the accused person, otherwise than in the custody of the police, beyond the period of fifteen days; if he is satisfied that adequate grounds exist for doing so, but no Magistrate shall authorise the detention of the accused person in custody under this paragraph for a total period exceeding,- 

1. Ninety days, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of not less than ten years;

2. Sixty days, where the investigation relates to any other offence. 

on the expiry of the said period of ninety days, or sixty days, as the case may be, the accused person shall be released on bail if he is prepared to and does furnish bail. An accused can apply for grant of Bail, within the provisions of section 436, 437 and 439 of Cr.P.C.

8. After investigation is completed:- If investigating agency feels a prima facie case is made out, charge sheet is filed in Court through the public prosecutor (section 173). If police feels that no prima facie case is made out, a final report filed in Court (section 173).

9. Cognizance of Offence by Magistrate :- After filling of charge sheet the next stage is taking cognizance of offence by magistrate under section 190 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

In the language of the Hon’ble Apex Court employed in its earliest decision in R.R.Chari v. State of U.P AIR 1951 SC 207 “taking cognizance does not involve any formal action or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a Magistrate as such applies his mind to the suspected commission of offence.”

Section 193 provides that no Court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as a Court of original jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to it by a Magistrate under this Code.

10. Service of summons/warrant to accused and Process to compel appearance under chapter 6 of Cr.P.C.

11. Appearance of accused before court & engagement of advocate.

12. Filing bail application/ furnishing surety, if bail has not been taken earlier.

13. Decision is taken by the Court after hearing the public prosecutor and the counsel for defence:

A. On question of Charge sheet:-

a. Court can reject charge sheet, in which case the accused is discharged. Or,

b. Court can accept that a prima facie case is made out, frame the charges, and post the case for trial. Case goes to next stage.

B. On Final Report:-

a. Court can accept the final report- case is closed and accused is discharged. Or,

b. Court can reject the final report, and direct the police to further investigate the case. Case goes back to the Stage of investigation. Or,

c. If the Court direct the case to be posted for trial. Case goes to next stage.

14. Framing Of Charge :-  After considering the police report and other important documents the accused is not discharged then the court frames charges under which he is to be trialed.

In sessions trial (under section 228) and warrant trial (under section 240), the charges should be framed in writing. The charge shall then be read and explained to the accused and he shall be asked whether he pleads guilty of the offence charged or claimed to be tried

In summons trial (under section 251) the Magistrate would orally state the facts of the offense the accused is answerable. The Magistrate after stating the facts of the offense shall ask the accused if he pleads guilty or has any defense to support his case. 

15. Conviction on plea of guilty :- If the accused pleads guilty, the court shall record the plea and may, at discretion convicts the accused.(under section 229 for sessions trial, section 241 for warrant trial and section 252 for summons trial)

16. If the accused pleads not guilty. Case is posted for trial. (under section 230 for sessions trial, section 242(1) for warrant trial and section 254(1) for summonns trial)

B. Trial stage

17. Commencement of trial - Generally speaking trial of a case commences when the case is posted for examination of witnesses. Trial may be -

a. Sessions trial (Section 225 - 237)

b. Warrant trial (Section 238 - 250)

c. Summons trial (Section 251 - 259)

d. Summary trial (Section 260 - 265)

18. Prosecution evidence:- After the charges are framed, and the accused pleads guilty, then the court requires the prosecution to produce evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. The prosecution is required to support their evidence with statements from its witnesses. This process is called “examination in chief”. The magistrate has the power to issue summons to any person as a witness or orders him to produce any document. (See Section 231 for sessions trial , Section 242 for warrant trial and 254 of Cr.P.C for summonns trial)

19. Statement of the accused:- Section 313 of the Criminal Procedure Code gives an opportunity to the accused to be heard and explain the facts and circumstances of the case. The statements of accused are not recorded under oath and can be used against him in the trial.

20. Defence evidence:- An opportunity is given to the accused in a case where he is not being acquitted to produce so as to defend his case. The defense can produce both oral and documentary evidence. (under section 233 for sessions trial, section 243 for warrant trial, section 254(2) for summonns trial)

In India, since the burden of proof is on the prosecution the defense, in general, is not required to give any defense evidence.

21. Final Arguments:-  Public Prosecutor and the defence counsel present their arguments.

Section 314 of Cr.P.C. provides that " Any  party to a proceeding may, as soon as may be, after the close of his evidence, address concise oral arguments, and may, before he concludes the oral arguments, if any, submit a memorandum to the Court setting forth concisely and under distinct headings, the arguments in support of his case and every such memorandum shall form part of the record." 

A copy of every such memorandum shall be simultaneously furnished to the opposite party.

22. Judgment and sentence by the Court:- The final decision of the court with reasons given in support of the acquittal or conviction of the accused is known as judgment. (Under Section 235 for sessions trial, Section 248 for warrant trial, Section 255 for summonns trial)

23. Arguments on sentence:- When the accused is convicted, then both sides are invited to give arguments on the punishment which is to be awarded. This is usually done when the person is convicted of an offense whose punishment is life imprisonment or capital punishment.

Section 235(2) (for sessions trial) provides that if the accused is convicted, the Judge shall, unless he proceeds in accordance with the provisions of section 360, hear the accused on the question of sentence, and then pass sentence on him according to law.

Section 248(2) (for warrant trial) provides that where, the Magistrate finds the accused guilty, but does not proceed in accordance with the provisions of section 325 or section 360, he shall, after hearing the accused on the question of sentence, pass sentence upon him according to law.

However when the sentence is pronounced in a summons case, the parties need not argue on the amount of punishment given. The sentence is the sole discretion of the judge.

24. Judgment of Court passing sentence:- After the arguments on sentence, the court finally decides what should be the punishment for the accused. While punishing a person, the courts consider various theories of punishment like reformative theory of punishment and deterrent theory of punishment. Court also considers the age, background and history of an accused and the judgment is pronounced accordingly.

Judgement shall be pronounced in accordance with chapter 28 of Cr.P.C.(dealing with judgement)

C. Post-trial stage

25. Appeal (within specified period of limitation) Or Revision :-

Appeal :- Appeal (Chapter 29) can be filed by party aggrieved by judgment on acquittal (section 378)/ conviction (section 374)/sentence (section 377).

On notice being issued to the opposite parties, arguments are placed before Appellate court by defence counsel and the public prosecutor.

Powers of the Appeallate Court - Under section 386 the Appeallate Court has following powers –

1. In an appeal from an order or acquittal - reverse such order and direct that further inquiry be made, or that the accused be re- tried or committed for trial, as the case may be, or find him guilty and pass sentence on him according to law;

2. In an appeal from a conviction-

a. reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or discharge the accused, or order him to be re- tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction subordinate to such Appellate Court or committed for trial, or

b. alter the finding, maintaining the sentence, or

c. with or without altering the finding, alter the nature or the extent, or the nature and extent, of the sentence, but not so as to enhance the Same;

3. In an appeal for enhancement of sentence -

a. reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or discharge the accused or order him to be re- tried by a Court competent to try the offence, or

b. alter the finding maintaining the sentence, or

c. with or without altering the finding, alter the nature or the extent, or the nature and extent, of the sentence, so as to enhance or reduce the same;

4. In an appeal from any other order, alter or reverse such order;

5. Make any amendment or any consequential or incidental order that may be just or proper; 

Provided that the Appellate Court shall not inflict greater punishment for the offence which in its opinion the accused has committed, than might have been inflicted for that offence by the Court passing the order or sentence under appeal.

Or,

Revision (Chapter 30) :-

Power of revision under Cr.P.C. lies with the High Court and the Court of sessions.

In a court case, the provision of appeal to the higher court is inbuilt in law. An aggrieved litigant can redress his grievance by exercising that provision. But in some cases there is no provision for appeal at all. 

Even if appeal is there, there is only one appeal in some cases. In some other cases the appeal provision may not be holistic enough to address every sort of grievance of the litigant. Therefore in order to avoid the remote possibility of any miscarriage of justice there is a provision for revision.

Power of revision is exercisable to any pending or concluded proceeding.

The High Court or Sessions Judge can direct the Chief Judicial Magistrate or any Magistrate to conduct further inquiry into any complaint dismissed under section 203 for having no sufficient ground, or under section 204 (4) for not paying process fee for issuing process, or the discharge of any person accused of any offence under the CrP.C.

While carrying out revision, the High Court or Sessions Judge may exercise all the powers conferred on a Court of Appeal under Sections 386, 389, 390 and 391 of the CrPC, or on a Court of Sessions under Section 307 of CrPC.

A court exercising revision, unlike as in an appeal, cannot convert the acquittal into one of conviction.

26. Judgment of the Appellate Court or Court having revisional jurisdiction.

27. When the Court of Session passes a sentence of death, the proceedings shall be submitted to the High Court, and the sentence shall not be executed unless it is confirmed by the High Court. (Section 366). 

According to section 368  " In any case submitted under section 366, the High Court-

1. may confirm the sentence, or pass any other sentence warranted by law, or 

2. may annul the conviction, and convict the accused of any offence of which the Court of Session might have convicted him, or order a new trial on the same or an amended charge, or 

3. may acquit the accused person: 

Provided that no order of confirmation shall be made under this section until the period allowed for preferring an appeal has expired, or, if an appeal is presented within such period, until such appeal is disposed of.

28. Execution, Suspension, Remission and commutation of sentences : -  

Chapter 32 of Cr.P.C. deals with Execution, Suspension, Remission and commutation of sentences.

Execution of Sentence :-

Execution of Death sentence - Section 413 provides that when in a case submitted to the High Court for the confirmation of a death sentence, or when a death sentence is passed by the high court in appeal or revision, the Court of Session receives the order of confirmation or other order of the High Court thereon, , it shall cause such order to be carried into effect by issuing a warrant or taking such other steps as may be necessary. 

Execution of sentence of imprisonment - Section 418 provides that  Where the accused is sentenced to imprisonment for life or to imprisonment for any term the Court passing the sentence shall forthwith forward a warrant to the jail or other place in which he is, or is to be, confined, and, unless the accused is already confined in such jail or other place, shall forward him to such jail or other place, with the warrant.

Section 419 provides that Every warrant for the execution of a sentence of imprisonment shall be directed to the officer in charge of the jail or other place in which the prisoner is, or is to be, confined.

Execution of fine - When an offender has been sentenced to pay a fine the Court passing the sentence may take action for the recovery of the fine in either or both of the following ways, that is to say, it may 

a. issue a warrant for the levy of the amount by attachment and sale of any moveable property belonging to the offender; 

b. issue a warrant to the collector of the district, authorising him to realise the amount as arrears of land revenue from the movable or immovable property, or both of the defaulter:

Suspension , Remission and Commutation of Sentence

Suspension means to take or withdraw the sentence for the time being. After a person is found guilty, the execution is stayed for a temporary period in suspension. It is the temporary postponement of the sentence. 

Remission implies reducing the period of sentence without changing its character. 

Commutation denotes the substitution of a form of punishment for a lighter one.

The power of suspension, remission and commutation of sentence is vestesd with the appropriate government. 

If the accused has undergone any detention during the period of investigation inquiry or trial of the same case then while convicting him, a set off can be given under section 428 of Cr.P.C.

References :-

1.https://www.google.co.in/amp/s/blog.ipleaders.in/all-about-the-various-stages-of-criminal-trial-in-india/amp/

2.https://www.lawfarm.in/blogs/process-of-criminal-trial-and-proceedings-in-india.

3.http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/mobile/experts/details.asp?mod_id=84286

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